A Comparison of Two World Leaders

Icons of Modern Leadership: Lee Kuan Yew of Modern Singapore vs. Adolf Hitler, a Prominent Aggressor of World War II They say history must not repeat itself especially when it involves loss of lives, destruction of property and disruption in the delivery of basic services to people including relationships. In this paper, former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and Fuhrer and Chancellor Adolf Hitler have been chosen as effective World Leaders whose achievements, whether good or bad, have been identified to greatly impact many lives of people around the world.This paper is not to pass judgment on them whether they have become good or bad leaders of the past. What is being looked into is how effective these leaders have been in carrying out their goals, strategies, etc. and the lessons that must be learned. The strategies, ways and means both used to achieve their goals may have been totally poles apart or different based on their beliefs, manner of doing, choices, etc. But for o ne thing, both leaders dreamed of harmony, peace, unity and progress for their country.The difference is how they executed that dream. Both leaders have left significant different memories, one of which is the unforgettable holocaust initiated by Fuhrer Adolf Hitler and a successful giant leap of economic redemption of Singapore from a Third World country to become an Asian Tiger country within the three decades of Lee Kuan Yew’s rule. Each leader delivered significant changes that deserve to be called great icons in the history of world leaders.Adolf Hitler who was the reason for the outbreak of World War II and Lee Kuan Yew who transformed Singapore from a Third World country to another Asian Tiger country, have been chosen and juxtaposed to learn the similarities and contrasts of their qualities and styles as leaders as well as how their reigns brought impact to the world. Credited to Hitler’s achievements were as follows: â€Å"awarded the Iron Cross, First Class in December 1914 (a rare decoration for bravery in action to a corporal)† (Hitler,A. , 2011); â€Å"annexation of Austria and Sudetenland† (Chen, P. 2012); wrote the book ‘Mein Kampf’ (meaning My Struggle) where it was an anti-Semitic, anti-Communist diatribe outlining his strategy for remaking Germany and becoming a conquering power throughout Europe† (Harkavy, 1996). â€Å"By 1938 Hitler had made Germany the most powerful and feared country in Europe (and perhaps in the world)† (Hitler, A. , 2011). â€Å"Majority of the German people supported him because they saw during his early leadership to his credit how unemployment virtually disappeared, the rising prosperity of the masses, the new social institutions and the increase of German prestige in the 1930’s.All these achievements of Hitler were unparalleled in the histories of other modern totalitarian dictatorship†(Hitler, A. 2011). On the other hand, achievements credited to Y ew include: redemption of Singapore from a Third World Country to become an Asian Tiger country now aligned with other rich Asian countries like Japan, Hongkong, and Taiwan. Singapore is now an envy of many neighboring Asian countries. Of Lee Kuan Yew’s outstanding achievements, eradication of corruption was envied by many ASEAN nations because ‘Corruption’ has always long been associated with Third World Asian nations.Other achievements include the substantial â€Å"increase in the living standards (Loh,K. 2011)† in this country: â€Å"As Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew presided over an exponential increase in Singapore's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from US$704 million in 1960 to US$38 billion in 1990. This figure currently stands at US$222 billion, or over 300 times its level in 1960. Adjusting for cost of living differences, Singapore's GDP per capita was ranked 3rd  globally by the International Monetary Fund in 2010† (Loh, K, 2011).Evidently, e verybody saw the difference of how improved Singapore is today from the 1960’s. Now Singapore will always be equated and associated with the name of Lee Kuan Yew, the father of Singapore. Analyzing closely, the nearest similarity observed from both leaders is that they both embraced the style of totalitarian dictatorship during their reigns. Other similarities noted include: both became inspiring leaders to the millions of their respective constituents.For Hitler, his actions united majority of the Germans and Austrians although some say this holds true prior to his order of mass executions for the Jews. It was also noted that both leaders started their political careers by heading the Popular Party of their masses: Hitler became a prominent leader of National Socialist German Working Party (Nazi) while Yew also became a strong leader of Singapore’s People’s Action Party (PAP). They also had one dream, that is. to achieve â€Å"peace, harmony and unity as well as progress† not only for their country but also for the whole world.Both have redeemed their countries from economic downturn to economic recovery and continued progress. Both have shown improvements not only on the lives of their people but also on policies, economy and evidently on the overall progress of their respective countries. â€Å"How did Adolf Hitler who, according to Professor Jeremy Noakes, was just a drifter and a failed artist, become one of the most destructive political leaders in the 20th century? † (Noakes, 2011). Hitler did struggle during his early civilian life. When his father died, he and his mother were left with inadequate pension and savings which is the reason why he never advanced beyond his secondary education† (Hitler, A. , 2011). This may be one of the outstanding differences between the two. Yew’s household was better off than Hitler’s because Lee Kuan Yew was able â€Å"to get education at Raffles College in Singap ore and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, England. He started as a lawyer, founded the People’s Action Party in Singapore and became the Secretary General† (Yew, 2010).This paved the way to Yew’s political career. On the other hand, Hitler embraced the military which paved the way to his rise to power. Accordingly, â€Å"He greeted the war with enthusiasm, as a great relief from the frustration and aimlessness of his civilian life. He found discipline and comradeship satisfying and was confirmed in his belief about the heroic virtues of war. He occupied two positions during his reign, as Chancellor (Kanzler) and as Fuehrer of Germany covering 1933 to 1945† (Hitler, A. , 2011).A distinctive difference is the leader’s belief. At the early part of his life, Hitler developed a strong discrimination for the Jews. Certain events in his life have led him to develop strong anti-Semitism or hatred for the Jews. Lee Kuan Yew embraced the teachings of Confucius. Another difference is that Hitler alone had his inherent own unique leadership style while Lee Kuan Yew’s was greatly inspired by Machiavellian virtu as he cited: â€Å"Between being loved and being feared, I have always believed Machiavelli was right.If nobody is afraid of me, I’m meaningless  (Lee Kuan Yew, 6. 10. 1997)† (Gordon, n. d. ). Comparing the two leaders on the basis of the magnitude and coverage or extent of each leader’s involvement and impact, Adolf Hitler may be considered the most effective leader because one of his greatest achievements among others is having the great majority of Germans and Austrians rally behind him until the end.This is something that historians could not find from any predecessor who could have done or come close to what Adolf Hitler did despite being accused as the war aggressor and a tyrannical dictator killing 6 million Jews during his reign. Yet despite all these, much have been said and written about Adolf H itler who has all the right to be an icon leader of the 20th century. For this purpose, Lee Kuan Yew is chosen to have less impact among these two most effective leaders. Lee Kuan Yew’s achievement, though only involved Singapore’s development, has also become a showcase to the world.Finally, restating what Lee Kuan Yew imparted (not the exact words), â€Å"An effective leader is the one who can be dispensable† which means if you have left your realm or domain without anybody able to take over it, then you are not a good leader. Leading is a continuous momentum whether you are there or somebody takes the helm from you. WORKS CITED Chen, Peter C. (2012) Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland: 29 Sep 1938 – 10 Oct 1938. World War II Database [Data File]. Retrieved from http://ww2db. com/battle_spec. hp? battle_id=87 Gordon, Uri (n. d. ) . Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kuan Yew  and Singapore's Authoritarian Regime. Retrieved from http://www. scrib d. com/doc/38148245/Lee-Kuan-Yew Adolf Hitler. (2012) History Learning Site. Retrieved from http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/adolf_hitler. htm Loh, Kai H. (May, 2011). Lee Kuan Yew’s Legacy. Dragons and Tigers: An East Asian Perspective. Retrieved from http://www. globalconversation. org/2011/05/15/lee-kuan-yews-legacy Noakes, Jeremy. ( 2011). The Rise of Adolf Hitler.Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_01. shtml Hitler, Adolf (2011). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2012, from http://www. biography. com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 Harkavy, Michael D. ed. (1996) Adolf Hitler. The New Illustrated Home Reference Guide ( p. 499) Trident Press International, Canada: New Webster’s International Encyclopedia (print). Yew, Lee K. (2010). Distinguished Fellow: Lee Kuan Yew. Retrieved from http://www. lkyspp. nus. edu. sg/Faculty_Lee_Kuan_Yew. aspx

Emotional Intelligence Essay

The book, Emotional Intelligence 2.0, provides an alternative approach to how a person achieves success. This book does not focus on the conventional determinant of success, such as formal education and training, experience, and intelligence level (IQ). Although all these components contribute greatly to ones achievement of success, these factors are not the only factors to be considered in whether a person will be successful or not. This book focuses on the concept that it refers to as emotional intelligence (EQ), which is one’s ability to recognize and effectively understand his/her emotions in a productive and rational manner. The objective of Emotional Intelligence 2.0 is to educate people on suppressing their natural willingness to succumb to their feelings or emotions. The author states, â€Å"The physical pathway for emotional intelligence starts in the brain, at the spinal cord. Your primary senses enter here and must travel to the front of your brain before you can think rationally about your experience. But first they travel through the limbic system, the place where emotions are experienced. Emotional intelligence requires effective communication between the rational and emotional centers of the brain† (p. 7). Overall, people have to learn to deal with or work through the emotional phase of the thinking process and resist making â€Å"knee jerk† decisions based on their feelings at a given moment. By increasing their EQ, people are more proficient in making sound rational decisions when they are emotional. One may ask. How do you determine your level of emotional intelligence (EQ)? This is accomplished by an individual taking the â€Å"Emotional Intelligence Appraisal† test. Completing this test is the first step to determining and improving your EQ. Your individual EQ report provides you with a synopsis of your current EQ level, the EQ skills you need to improve, and the strategy(s) that will be most beneficial to increasing your EQ. In addition to this information, your EQ report allows you to compare your scores with others around the world. Also, you are given the opportunity to take the â€Å" Emotional Intelligence Appraisal† test a second time to see how you have improved your EQ and receive feedback report allows you to see your accomplishments and outline the next steps of your progression. The author states, â€Å"Emotional intelligence is your ability to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others, and your ability to use this  awareness to manage your behavior and relationships† (p. 17). EQ lays the foundation for many skills, such as, time management, communication, assertiveness, customer service, anger management, stress tolerance, and many other aspects of our life each day. Although our emotions will play an eminent role in our daily life, improved EQ skills will teach us to better control our emotions and keep our emotions from controlling our actions or behaviors. Additionally, we will learn how to better interact with others and build better and stronger relationships. While emotional intelligence is vital to human behavior, it only accounts for a portion of a person as a whole. The author states, â€Å"IQ, personality, and EQ are distinct qualities we all possess. Together, they determine how we think and act. It is impossible to predict one based upon another. People may be intelligent but not emotionally intelligent, and people of all types of personalities can be high in EQ and/or IQ. Of the three, EQ is the only quality that is flexible and able to change† (p. 19). There is no know link between these three components that exist in a person, but each component coexists and works together to guide this person’s thoughts and behaviors. Unlike EQ, a person’s capacity to learn and personality are hardwired or ingrained over time. Emotional intelligence is a skill that is flexible and can be improved with guidance and practice. There are four core emotional intelligence skills. These four skills are divided into two categories: personal competence and social competence. Personal competence is centered on the individual, and it is made up of your self-awareness and self-managements skills. Self-awareness is your ability to recognize and understand how and why you typically behave or react a certain way. It is becoming comfortable dealing with both positive and negative emotions. Self-management is an extension of personal-awareness. It is using your awareness to guide your actions in a positive direction. Social competence focuses on your interaction with other people, and it consists of social awareness and relationship management skills. Social awareness is your ability to recognize and understand others emotions. It is noticing how others are feeling and thinking, even if it differs from your own. Relationship management is the capacity to use the knowledge and understanding of both your emotions and the emotions of others to connect with others. Although each of these EQ skills are evaluated separately and  can be improved individually, theses skills work collectively to increase your EQ level and improve your emotional intelligence overall.

Healthcare Decisions for Capacitated Patients Research Paper

Healthcare Decisions for Capacitated Patients - Research Paper Example As a result, health-care providers face challenges in such situations, because they routinely turn to available formal or informal surrogates as a way of expressing the best interests’ standard as they make health related decisions for the capacitated person. More so, depending on the beliefs and philosophical leanings, of different individuals perception on removal of life-sustaining treatment could be viewed as the cause of allowing a patient to die. More importantly, the doctrine of informed consent was formulated to represent the legal right of embodiment of self-determination in health care cases (Kleinman,I. (1991). As a result, the doctrine acts as a guiding process of medical decision making as it defines the restrictions of the patient-physician dialogue. Therefore, the health practitioners have to follow the clear and consistent health legal principles that stipulate their directives on treatment limitation, and decision making for patients who lack capacity even tho ugh they are capacitated. More so, the use of opioids, futility and physician-assisted suicide expose challenges to health-care providers based on the legal, ethical, societal and individual values that are either in favor or against making decisions for the capacitated patients. For this reason, those against the idea of making healthcare decisions for capacitated patients consent to the fact that it is ethically, legally, and clinically better to always ascertain the level of patient’s valid goals, preferences, wishes, and values as compared to taking an immediate default to a family member or other surrogate decision maker. Nonetheless, those in support of making decisions for the capacitated patients believe decisions made give best interest of the patient and family members as it relieves them from the pain and suffering. Pro Side Even though, patients are normally considered to have the right to participate in making decisions that relate to their care including cases o f diagnostic and treatment interventions, ambulation, diet, daily care, and end-of-life care. More significantly, health related decisions that involve capacitated patients expose health care providers to a challenging situation because it involves the health of a patient who cannot make sound decisions for themselves (Sessums, Zembrzuska, & Jackson, 2011). This is because some capacitated patients are considered to have either insufficient cognitive or emotional ability that will guarantee the health-care provider that the patient cannot make and express independent decisions personally. As a result, the health-care provider will depend on either an instruction directive that the patient previously executed in advance through a living will, or take the second alternative of available formal or informal surrogates. This is because the patient’s surrogates will give or withhold informed consent regarding the medical treatment options available on behalf of the capacitated pati ent who cannot make an independent decision. Nonetheless, such decisions should be in favor of the capacitated patient in legal, ethical, societal and individual values thus, should be unbiased. Societal and Individual Values Relevance More importantly, those in favor of making a decision for capacitated

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Film analysis - Essay Example He has applied the necessary measures required in ensuring customers’ satisfaction and improving the value of products in promoting consumption. Some of the entrepreneurial skills that the business people can learn include knowing who you are and what you want, understanding that work matters the most, and ensuring constant improvement through maintaining perfection and cleanliness. The entrepreneurs are supposed to be passionate about their businesses. In the movie, Jiro portrays the characteristics of a business-minded person. He asserts that he has not attained his full potential in business. This is even though his restaurant has been honored with the Michelin star and him being considered as the world’s greatest chef. Success in business can only be achieved if the entrepreneurs are passionate about what they do. For instance, the title of the documentary is derived from Jiro himself who indicates that he dreams of Sushi i.e. how to prepare it, serve and craft a be tter brand for the next day (Amazon.com). He indicates that he has never hated his business and is always ecstatic when preparing the Sushi. Closer analysis of the movie indicates that Jiro’s success is not only a product of love for Sushi, but also the pursuit for excellence. This downplays the behavior of those entrepreneurs who jump from one industry to another. They should understand that success is not about possession of many ideas; it is the art of creating and enacting change in the product line in relation to customer satisfaction. This establishes the passion that makes a person attend to the needs of the customer whole heartedly and be committed to the business for a long time like Jiro. This movie educates the aspiring entrepreneurs on the necessary principles required for one to be successful in business. They should understand who they are, prioritize their work and understand that pursuit for success bears a substantial price. Jiro came from a broken marriage a nd personally fed for himself since childhood. According to Amazon.com, he was a bully during his childhood days. The restaurant business saved his life. The focus on business products such as Sushi can transform one’s life. Work provides business people with focus, discipline and the relentless urge to improve marketing techniques. Personal realization has enabled Jiro to cater for the needs of customers and uphold customer satisfaction in the process. The restaurant’s popularity is related to the excellent skills he applies in serving customers i.e. serving left-left handed people on the left and making the sushi relatively smaller for women. The pursuit of Jiro’s sons in perfecting their craftsmanship indicates that focus on work is the most eminent recipe of a successful business. In one of the movie scenes, the senior apprentice describes how he made the egg Sushi for six months before it was deemed acceptable by Yoshikazu. The egg sushi could not have been popular among customers if the apprentice focused on the monetary returns of the product instead of improving value. Another aspect of business success stipulated in the movie is cleanliness. Cleanliness is one of the requirements of ensuring customer satisfaction. Jiro asserts, â€Å"If the restaurant doesn’t feel clean, the food isn’t going to taste good† (Amazon.com). Users will never enjoy products that are not clean. Perfection comes along at a heavy price. Jiro started his business as a

Describe how the writing process fits into a list of quick takes, Essay

Describe how the writing process fits into a list of quick takes, detailing each step - Essay Example Fortunately, Arlov uses pithy clichà ©s only as a starting point to offering real advice on how even beginning writers can improve their writing skills by practicing some simple techniques. These techniques, once learned, also serve as handy tools for the amateur or professional writer to help break the symptoms of writer’s block when it occurs. The basic process advocated by Arlov involves a simple, step-by-step process to writing as well as attention to the five ‘Quick Takes’ she offers regarding this process. The ‘Quick Takes’ offered by Arlov include taking things one step at a time, taking writing seriously, taking it easy, taking it to the limit and taking it with you. Examining these ‘takes’ in backward sequence, taking it with you indicates that an individual who wishes to improve their writing skills should not consider writing to be an occasional activity, only embarked upon when a teacher or supervisor requires it, but should instead be a regular lifetime activity. The more writing one undertakes, the easier the practice will become. Also, by writing often about a variety of topics taken from real life, a writer can find an interesting story or topic to write about in another context. â€Å"Sometimes we are so busy looking for something that we don’t realize the answer has been right there in front of us all along† (Bailey, 2006). Journal writing, for instance, provides room for practice writing, building self-confidence, even as it allows space for some forms of prewriting when preparing to write something more public. This ‘quick take’ should also remind one that writing should not be considered a relatively ‘dead’ practice, done only when exploring topics that are somehow removed from the rest of the world. Writing becomes more interesting when one is involved in the topic in some way. In addition, when one explores a topic in the real world, this interest can be

Forum on Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum on Congress - Essay Example The introduction of the bill to the houses is followed by reference of the bill to a special committee by the speaker of the house and Senate’s leader. The committees are given time to study the bill and sub-committees are invited to amend or add on to the bill after approval by the house (Smith et. al., 2007). The committee of house rules later receives the new bill and sets the limits and rules for the bill. The committee of house rules hands the bill to the house and senate. The house considers the rules attached, and after approving them, debate on the bill kicks off. The period for debate and amendment of the bill is not specified (Dewhirst & Rausch, 2007). A conference committee receives the bill after a vote by the house and the senate and harmonizes the changes made by the house with those of the senate. The house and the senate approve the harmonized bill and votes on it. The bill is then handed to the president to either approve or disapprove it. The president can automatically sign the bill if satisfied with it. It is within the president’s discretion to veto the bill or decline to sign the bill. If the congress is in session, vetoing the bill or declining to sign it renders it a law after the lapse of ten days (Smith et. al., 2007). The president can pocket veto the bill if the congress is going on recession thereby killing the

What were the historical origins of the Second Amendments protection Research Paper

What were the historical origins of the Second Amendments protection to keep and bear arms - Research Paper Example The British with their oppressive activities also reinforced Americans’ belief and support for the right to bear arms. The right to keep and bear arms was strengthened by arguments which argued that it was a necessity for the security of the nation; with arms in the hands of civilians, the nations is protected from oppressive acts of the government, and the nation has an advantage of having soldiers everywhere. Below is a full description of the right’s historical origin. The origin of the right to keep and bear arms is justified by the experiences of the early American people. When the early colonists immigrated to America, they brought guns which they used in their daily lives. They used muskets and short guns to hunt. They also used the guns to fight the Native Americans. When Europeans came to America, they were at first warmly welcomed by the Native Americans who helped them through tough times and shared their food. This relationship did not last long when more Europeans migrated to America. They took away Native American’s land, drove them away, and destroyed their natural way of life. This led to wars between the Native Americans and the colonists therefore, colonists had to carry guns as a safety measure. This conflict and the formation of a larger community led to new developments. The colonists found it necessary to arm every man in the community so that an attack at any time, would find them prepared. The colonies at the time also had slaves and the region was characterised by slave rebellion. Because of this, laws were developed that required Americans to carry guns in case slave rebellion occured. The leaders wanted to make use of everyone who could fight to maintain order in the society. Because of this culture, keeping guns was the right thing to do. People, therefore, had the right to keep and bear arms (Jackson 28). Additionally, during these times, there were no police. Having arms was a way of maintaining security within

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice Essay

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice - Essay Example The essay will also discuss issues related to accountability as a nurse as well as factors that affect the decision making process and how this translates into professional practice. Analysis of the theories of knowledge, competence and professional practice The concept of knowledge is closely related to the theory of knowledge creation. Knowledge creation is not only concerned with dealing with objective information but it also takes into consideration insights that are highly subjective from members of the organisation and these are tested in order to be used by the other employees (Robbins, 1993). Basically, â€Å"knowledge creation is defined as the process of making available and amplifying knowledge created by individuals as well attempting to connect it with the organization’s knowledge system,†( Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel 2006). New ideas are generated and these are helpful in the operations of the organisation as a whole. Having generated the required knowledge, i t becomes imperative to formalise a continuous improvement of the knowledge through different management systems for the benefit of the organisation as a whole. ... It can also be noted that knowledge creation is not a preserve for influential people in an organisation alone but it ought to include input from all members within that particular organisation. In case of a clinical setup, through knowledge creation, the nurses are given the autonomy to make informed decisions in their operations especially with regards to post operative recovery. Practice theory is applicable in this particular case where I will use my knowledge to offer appropriate treatment to alleviate pain. This also entails transformation of knowledge into practical skills. Decision making that is enhanced through knowledge creation is essential to the operations of every organisation (Schultz, 2003). This concept is also applicable in the area of practice of health care professionals as they are likely to develop a sense of belonging to the hospital which is a basic tenet for practice development. I strongly believe that my duties can be enhanced through making decisions with regards to administering treatment to the patients. According to Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel (2006) the success of other conventional organisations is mainly influenced by their ability to keep pace with changes that may be obtaining in the business environment at that particular period and it can be seen that knowledge creation plays a pivotal role. This concept can also be applied to a clinical setup where the operations of different hospitals are moulded on the same business principles with other conventional businesses. Performance is also enhanced through knowledge creation and sharing given that the health care professionals are in a better position to make informed decisions that may affect their operations. Decisions made by an individual often shape his

Hitlers table talk Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitlers table talk - Term Paper Example In August 1941, when someone had committed murder in Berlin, Hitler argued that offenders did not need an imprisonment but rather corporal punishment. He argued that the penal system of the time had given the first sentence unnecessary importance. These people deserved corporal punishment only. Sending one to jail would only give them an opportunity to perfect their art of breaking the law. He argued that in prisons other prisoners teach people new tactics. This is the sad truth in most of the prisoners in the world today. However, corporal punishment is not supported in the human rights law code and therefore inapplicable. It is worth noting other prisoners do honestly transform. He concludes that the criminal should just disappear so that they do not face trial. If all criminals disappear into society, crime would rise terribly. It is worthwhile to lock them up in prison but implement strategies that will ensure they transform. On August 19, Hitler mentioned that for the good of their country, the Germans should wish for war after every fifteen to twenty years. These wars would make sure that their army was preoccupied and not just playing with the soldiers. He further elaborates that he did not regret losing some of the soldiers in war because war creates an opportunity for Germany to enlarge their territory and therefore increase in number. This principle does not comply with the international law.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example In this entire period, the Canadian Aluminum company shifted its strategies from immediate to deliberate strategies. However, its external factors were very influential on the decisions made. As the company continued centralizing its structures, it relied on deliberate strategies. The authors have a high credibility in that, they are attempting to evaluate whether the growth of a company depends on either deliberate or emergent strategy. Their credibility is evident since they try to apply what Henry Mintzberg had already introduced. Other scholars have reviewed the source of their information. In their findings, they disclose that emergent and deliberate strategies vary in their continuum. The authors research and findings support the research topic, that their exist similarities and differences between the emergent and the deliberate strategies. I endorse their conclusion on the ground that, the two strategies cannot be equally exclusive since either occurs because of varied factor s. Mintzberg, H., Waters, A. J, 1985, Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent: John Wiley & Sons, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. ... The article is relevant to the research topic since it supports that there is a sharp dichotomy between the deliberate and emergent strategies. Some of the features that I consider useful in supporting the research topic is when the authors confirms that the two strategies are like two end points of a scale upon which the organizations base their strategies. In presenting their credibility, the authors come up with a notion that and some other fundamental issues linked to strategic decisions. In their conclusion, they disclose the various types of strategies that concealed in research. In extent, these may compromise the validity and reliability of their research since most of the strategies unearthed are not peer reviewed. The strategies uncovered in research include; planned, entrepreneurial, ideological, umbrella, process, unconnected, consensus and imposed strategies. Even though, I support their research that there is a great comparison between the emergent and deliberate strate gies, I am not quite certain about the other strategies they introduce and consider that they also vary. Mintzberg, H, 1990, Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management, John Wiley & Sons, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Mar. - Apr., 1990), pp. 171-195. Accessed: 30/07/2010 04:57. Web: Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2486485 Among the opinions held by particular groups on the formation of strategy, there is one that lies beneath the descriptions in the area of study, and that is the design school. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest on a simple model, which evaluates the process, as a design to accomplish a fundamental anchor between

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay Under a capitalist economic system, individuals own all resources, both human and non-human. Governments intervene only minimally in the operation of markets, primarily to protect the private-property rights of individuals. Free markets in which suppliers and demanders can enter and exit the market at their own discretion are fundamental to the capitalist economic system. The concept of laissez-faire, that is, leaving the coordination of individuals wants to be controlled by the market, is also a tenet of capitalism. In a capitalist system, individuals own resources, either through inheritance or through industry. The individual receives compensation for the use of resources by others. This, combined with inherited wealth of the person, determines an individuals spending power. The accumulated spending power and the willingness of individuals to allocate resources to consumption determine demand. The availability and costs of resources, together with the potential for profits of firms, determine supply. In a market system the demand of consumers combined with the supply of producers determine what and how much will be produced. Socialism Under a socialist economic system, individuals own their own human capital and the government owns most other, non-human resources— that is, most of the major factors of production are owned by the state. Land, factories, and major machinery are publicly owned. A socialist system is a form of command economy in which prices and production are set by the state. Movement of resources, including the movement of labor, is strictly controlled. Resources can only move at the direction of the centralized planning authority. Economic decisions about what and how much, how, and for whom are all made by the state through its central planning agencies. Communism Under a communist economic system, all resources, both human and non-human, are owned by the state. The government takes on a central planning role directing both production and consumption in a socially desirable manner. Central planners forecast a socially beneficial future and determine the production needed to obtain that outcome. The central planners make all decisions, guided by what they believe to be good for the country. The central planners also allocate the production to consumers based on their assessment of the individuals need. Basic human needs and wants would be met according to the Marxist principle, From each according to his ability to produce, to each according to his need.

Example Answers For Assignment On Small Business Enterprise

Example Answers For Assignment On Small Business Enterprise As an experienced business executive, what advise would you give Jerry, eg: a systematic approach to starting up a new business, structure, etc. (1a) Being an experienced business executive, I can see that the business demands huge efforts for success. In case one wishes to gain more, the best way is to start a business. Although job has fixed income for fixed work, increased efforts in business can result in huge benefits. Therefore, to carry on the business, it is necessary to put extra efforts for success. For Jerry, it is suggested that he should not continue his job further; else it may affect his business growth. The risk management strategy shall be made use of for success and growth (Lam, 2003). He should put his efforts in his business and make use of the experience he gained while working for others. These practices shall be put by Jerry in his own organization. He should strategically manage his staff on a regular basis. This would help him in making optimal use of his human resource assets. Additionally, the lack of capability of administration department could also be improved through this approach. It is a common concept, that greater the rate of risk, greater is the rate of return (Pakroo Pakroo, 2008). So leaving a job, Jerry would though take a risky step; it might result in his long term success. Additionally, Jerry has a good back up of money that he got from his grandfather. Money matter notably for a business in inception stage (Boyett Boyett, 2001), therefore Jerry needs to devote more and more time for the business, without the greed of having job along with the business. How would you review the performance of his business? (1b) Answer To review the performance of his business, the best method is to see at the growth trend of the organization. I would analyse the past performance of Jerrys organization to note how the organization is performing, what are its weaker and stronger areas, and how can the improvements be made in this business. I would review Zenith Healthcares performance thoroughly. Due focus shall be laid on total control over the operations of the organization (Druckman, 1997). There should be regular reviews of performance. I would analyse the weakness areas to come up with certain suggestions. To review the performance, I would further arrange meetings with staff members to know about their skill sets. Human resources are the most important asset for any organization. There is the need to have strong people in the organization who have their own areas expertise; this would entail the success and growth of the organization as a whole. Therefore, for Jerry, it is crucial to respond to problems. He shall devote his full efforts for this. I would have a look at the satisfaction level of customers, by checking their improvement in health. This is of supreme importance for Zenith Healthcare. Followed by this, I would staff members performance chart to be aware of their level of involvement for the growth and success. These all strategies would help in analysing the performance of Jerrys organization, and thus would further help me in giving better recommendations. Help Jerry identify his companys strengths and weaknesses. (1c) Answer For any organization to be successful, it regularly needs to review its strengths and weaknesses (Pakroo Pakroo, 2008). These factors can help the organization attain better results due to the clear description of areas that need improvement, and the strength areas. The following discusses about the strength and weaknesses of Zenith Healthcare. As far as the strengths associated with Zenith healthcare are concerned the organization has an experienced person, Jerry as its owner. Therefore, there is a huge potential with the organization. Right use of strategy can result in growth and success. The sales of Zenith are growing in spite of lack of control by the owner. Therefore, there still persists huge potential in the organization. The optimal use of their staff is still to be done, which can result in increased benefits for the organization. On looking at the weaknesses of Zenith Healthcare, first thing noticed is the lack of time given by Jerry to carry on the business operations. There is no official in charge to look after the work activities of 5 staff members. The organization has to also note the point of its lack of growth of cash inflows in spite of the increased sales. The administration department is not given due care to carry out business operations. Jerry also needs to note the point that the competition in his industry is raising at a great pace and results in increased mergers and acquisitions. Following the analysis of the companys strengths and weaknesses, recommend a plan of action that will capitalise on the companys strengths, and overcome its weaknesses. (2a) Answer In order to grow at a good pace, company needs to get rid of its weaknesses and make use of its strengths to capture a good share of market. Therefore, the organization shall adopt the action plan as described here on to growth at a good pace. Firstly, Jerry shall leave his current job to have a focus on the business growth. The competition is increasing with time; there are regular amendments in policies by the organizations to survive in the market (Bradt et al., 2009). Therefore, the need is to work out thoroughly on the weaknesses in order to ensure that there are no risks associated with the business, or better say that the risks are optimized. For this purpose, the organization shall work duly on the weakness areas and understand the root cause of the same. There should be someone who looks after the administration tasks of the health care as well. Jerry should act as a leader followed by one administration head. Thus administration should be responsible to look after all the activities leaded by the administration head. This would form a better hierarchy of operations for the organization. There is the need to have a proper check on the root cause for no increase in cash inflows in spite of increased customer base. Thus, there exists some flaw in the operational management operations of the organization, which needs improvement. These need to be taken with due care to result in success for long term. Jerry has bought you a one-week, return ticket to his holiday home in Florida. He wants you to help him investigate ways in which the business existing performance could be maintained and strengthened (2b). Answer Looking at the description of the business status, it can be noted that Zenith Healthcare is doing well in spite of the lack of focus laid by Jerry. He is not devoting much of his time for business due to his job. He shall leave the job to focus completely on the business. Health care organizations are increasingly migrating towards UK. The competition is rising with time due to these competitors belonging to local region as well as from abroad such as USA. Therefore, Zenith Healthcare needs to take steps in this regard. The organization shall then make efforts to expand further as this is the right stage for growth and expansion. The organization shall work aggressively to capture a good share of market before new entrants capture the whole market. Therefore, at the instance of an offer from Venture Capitalist (As discussed in the case study) shall be taken with due care. The best way is to thoroughly analyse the synergy that would be created if the organization is acquired (Hunt, 2009). This would help in better valuation of the acquisition. In case the acquisition results in increased synergy which is beneficial for the organization, Jerry shall move forward for the deal. However, in case there is not much scope noted for this deal, there are number of options available for the organization. They shall make use of joint ventures thereon to work in collaboration with giant foreign players. These giants would help in having a better control over the process of recruitment and selection, staff and medical personnel management, and better operational strategies (Heim et al., 2003; Institute of Medicine, 1990). Thus, the synergy can help in faster pace of success for the organization. While you are with Jerry, could you also suggest new areas in which his business could be expanded? (2c) Answer At present the business of Jerry seems to be going well. His company is growing at a continuous pace, in spite of several flaws attached with it. The increased introduction of new hospitals in the country is raising competition in the Hospital market. Therefore, there comes the need to incorporate strategies at work place which are of maximum returns, else consolidated market might result too tough to stand for a small business. Therefore, Jerry needs to search for a good joint venture option to expand at a good pace. This would help Jerry have his organizations size of increased power. The size of entity would therefore increase and would result in achieving economies of scale at certain instances (King, 2003). Therefore, it could be a good practice to incorporate economies of scale. Additionally, Jerry can opt for some further business areas that can be explored. Starting of new operations such as those of pharmacy products can be a good choice. Jerry shall make available medicines and injections etc that are commonly used at his hospital. Therefore, the sales of these products would take place from his medical store, which can be opened outside his hospital area. Even patients would feel comfortable making purchase as they wont be required to travel from hospital to the medical stores located at distant locations. This would act in favour of the revenues of the hospital. Therefore, Jerry can expand his business through this approach. You realise that the moment has arrive where it would be appropriate for Jerry to review his existing business objectives and plans. Using your initiative, help your friend outline those key areas where attention should be given (3a). Answer For any business to be successful, it is quite crucial to make clear objectives of the business. Unclear business goals and objectives can result in divergence of the approach to gain outcomes. Therefore, Jerry should have a clear point about the business statistics he has for growth and expansion. Therefore, the aim of his business organization, named as Zenith healthcare should be to make efforts to help the patients get rid of various diseases. Health services demand the basic need to have strong relations with patients by providing them support in a thorough manner. Therefore, the approach can help the business grow by having stronger customer relationship management. There would be more control over business practices. Thus, the business shall have the objectives in mind that are clear in terms of concept and plan. The operations of Jerry shall however include due focus to be laid on the service users. This should entail strong relationship building and making an effort to create brand of the organization in the competitive market. This would help the organization stand well in the competitive scenario (Pinson, 2008). Jerry shall leave his job to help the organization attain his aims and objectives, as the competitive market demands more and more efforts. Lack of efforts can however result in consolidation of business due to rapidly growing competitive market, else survival would become an issue for the organization. Once you have agreed with Jerry those key areas which require attention, help him revise his business plans to incorporate appropriate changes (3b). Answer The business plan is important for the growth and survival. There comes the need to implement strategies for success. The organization should use the suggested strategy for business operations. As the current market is growing rapidly on one hand, the consolidation is probable to come into existence at other instance, there comes the need to make use of the aggressive approach to cover a good share of market. Firstly, the organization shall have clear goals and objectives that need to be attained. This shall follow by a clear understanding of the market segment for the services (Abrams and Kleiner, 2003; Holm Blanchard, 2007). Additionally, as stated before, the organization shall even expand its business operations by making use of the medical store to sell different medical products. This should follow by a thorough plan for marketing of services. Jerry needs to define clear strategic marketing. The use of brochures, advertising on magazines, newspapers, and various internet sources, search engine optimization, and web promotion can act in favour of the hospital for increased awareness among the target segment. There should be various marketing campaigns for the hospital and clear focus shall be laid to decide for the goals to be achieved for the regular intervals such as for the next 5 years or so. Thereafter, based on the plan the marketing analysis shall be done. This should follow by thorough understanding of the sales forecasts for the business. This would help in formulation of strategies in the right manner. Therefore, the organization would be ready to face stiff competition with the passage of time. The staffing would also be maintained in the right manner along with the operating budget. These would overall help in generating financial projections. This marketing strategy would overall result in growth and success of the organization for long term and Jerry would gain from his business. Accordingly, prepare action plans to implement changes (3c). Answer Action Plan Aims and Objectives are the first stage of any action plan. The aim of Zenith Health care organization is to make an effort to help the patients get rid of various diseases. Health services have the basic need to build strong relations with patients by providing them support in a thorough manner. The approach is expected to help the business grow by having stronger customer relationship management. Through this strategy, there would be more control over business practices. Suggested actions at this stage are to first of all valuate the offer at hand for acquisition of other organization, which is similar in size (George et al., 2009). This was the offer made by a venture capitalist in a cocktail party. Thereafter, if the proposal seems to add to the benefits of the organization, the deal should be made. This should then be followed by the search for joint venture with an organization from abroad, which is looking to expand here. This shall further help in promotion and brand building. Furthermore, the organization shall make efforts to promote more and more through various magazines, newspapers etc. This would help in creating awareness of the services provided by Zenith Health care, and would increase the chances of attracting more and more people, looking for health related services. Therefore, the strong marketing would help in establishing brand value in the market (James, 1995). This shall further be followed by proper evaluation of the suggested strategies so as to update them on a regular basis, based on the market and changing needs. Help Jerry assess the possible impact of changes on the business and his management team (4a). Answer The suggested approaches would overall help the business of Jerry. This strategy would help the organization grow for long term. Thus, the suggestions are made based on the long term vision for the success. The employees working in the organization would be able to work in a better way. There would be proper flow of information in a hierarchical manner. The supervisor would handle the task of managing the whole staff. This would help in better operational management. The administrative activities too would flow in a professional manner. This would aid to the development and growth. At present, the organization is though doing well, the competition is increasing at a rapid rate. Therefore, it becomes necessary to incorporate strategies at work place to ensure that the outcomes are attained favourably. The systematic action plan would therefore act as the backbone to carry out all the activities (Nayler, 2005). This action plan would help in going in a systematic and rapid manner to capture a good share of the market. The success of organization therefore seems to be a mandatory task which would be achieved easily. Explain to Jerry how the implementation of changes should be managed (4b). Answer Change is the law of nature. This takes place on a regular basis and can result in overall success or failure of the proposed plan. Although a good strategic plan has been discussed in the above sections, the most important task is to convert the plan into action. Therefore, Jerry would need to firstly leave his job. Thereon, he would have time in managing the operations in a better manner. This shall be followed by the use of proper channel of communication. The organization shall allow its staff members to collaboratively communicate with each other to contribute to the efforts for organization. On having an eye on the contribution of entrepreneurs of US, it can be noted that more than 50% of the revenues generated through business operations are made by the small businesses (Gates Leuschner, 2009). Therefore businessman shall understand the importance associated with the strategy. This would help entail successful growth of the organization. Additionally, the increased efforts put by the staff members shall be well managed with the help of controller, or manager. This person shall be held responsible of managing all the operational activities of business by making use of the staff. This would help in increasing the contribution of individuals towards organizations success. Thus, Jerry shall need to use evaluation technique to analyse the outcomes of the approach. This would result in overall success of organizational goals and objectives. Jerry is worried that the change process could go wrong. To assuage his fears, explain to Jerry how possible it would be to monitor changes in improvements and performance (4c) Answer To be successful and to earn more, there is the need to take risk. The greater the risk one takes, the greater are returns (Lam, 2003). Increased competition demands the need to take risks in an optimal manner. This is the differentiating factor between a successful and unsuccessful organization. Therefore, the present competitive market demands the use of new approach for success and growth. Jerry is though worried of failure, but I would make him understand how the joint venture, for an example can act as a strong factor to keep the business at a safer end. There are reduced risks due to this strategy. Working with industry giants can help the business flourish at a rapid rate. These organizations act as the backbone for helping in tough times (Pinson, 2008). Jerry shall thus understand this point that the risks result in returns if the proper direction is followed for the business. Additionally, the action plan can make a huge difference between success and failure. Therefore, the action plan would be used in such a manner that there are minimized risks and frequent evolutionary sessions would help in getting an idea prior to the problem situation about the state of business, and amendments if any, required in the business, can be made thoroughly to ensure the minimization of risks.

Analysis of Management and Leadership in Barclays Bank

Analysis of Management and Leadership in Barclays Bank Barclays Bank  has an extensive presence in Europe, the United States, Africa and Asia, providing a wide range of services for both individuals and businesses. Barclays has a long history that extends over three hundred years, and from its central office in London, it oversees operations that extend to fifty countries and more than 155,000 employees. Barclays Bank  lends, invests and moves money for more than 48 million people all over the world. The earliest roots of Barclays go back to 1690, when Thomas Gould and John Freame started operating as Goldsmith Bankers in central London. Seventy years later, Goldsmith Bankers moved into a large banking house, and subsequently joined up with nineteen other private banking concerns under the name Barclays and Company Limited, which provided the bank with a combination of 182 branches as well as deposits amounting a massive  £26 million. At this point in time, Barclays and Company was well connected to the community through family and religious links; hence Barclays and Company was often called the Quaker Bank. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Barclays and Company started expanding rapidly, taking over notable banks such as the Bolithos Bank in the South west of England and the United Counties Bank in the Midlands. By 1918, Barclays and Company had combined with London Bank South Western Bank and Provincial Bank to become one of the UKs five biggest banks. By 1925 Barclays had become a truly international organisation with the merger of the Colonial Bank, the Anglo Egyptian Bank and the National Bank of South Africa. This led to a great deal of business through the Middle East, Africa, and the West Indies. Barclays Bank has always been an innovative company. In 1966 Barclays became the first bank to offer a UK Credit card. The following year it was the first bank in the world to offer cash machines to its customers and by 1972, it had become the first bank to try TV advertising. Barclays Bank became the first UK bank to have shares listed on the Tokyo and New York Stock Exchanges in the late twentieth century, and consequently it moved into a high paced exchange whereby in 2006 a full 50% of its profits were being made outside of the UK. Recent developments Reuters  later reported that the  British government  would inject  £40 billion ($69 billion) into three banks including Barclays, which might seek over  £7 billion.  Barclays later confirmed that it rejected the Governments offer and would instead raise  £6.5 billion of new capital ( £2 billion by cancellation of dividend and  £4.5 billion from private investors). In January 2009 the press reported that further capital may be required and that while the government might be willing to fund this, it may be unable to do so because the previous capital investment from the Qatari state was subject to a proviso that no third party might put in further money without the  Qataris  receiving compensation at the value the shares had commanded in October 2008. In March 2009 it was reported that in 2008, Barclays received billions of dollars from its insurance arrangements with  AIG, including $8.5bn from funds provided by the United States to bail out AIG. On 12 June 2009, Barclays sold its Global Investors unit, which includes its exchange traded fund business,  iShares, to  BlackRock  for $13.5bn. Standard Life sold Standard Life Bank plc to Barclays plc in October 2009. The sale completed on 1 January 2010. On 11 November 2009, Barclays and First Data, a global technology provider of information commerce, have entered into a agreement according to which Barclays will migrate a range of card portfolios to First Datas issuing and consumer finance platform. On February 13, 2010 Barclays announced it would pay more than  £2 billion in bonuses. INTRODUCTION OF LEADERSHIP Leadership is all about harnessing people power for the attainment of a desired goal and thus the concept of leadership cannot be restricted to the Organizational context. It pervades through all realms of society, whether it be in politics, religion or the corporate world. DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP We can define leadership as: â‚ ¬Ã‚  The activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives.George R. Terry. â‚ ¬Ã‚  It is interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed through the communication process towards the attainment of specialized goals. Robert Tannenbaum. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Leadership is influencing people to follow in the achievement of a common goal Koontz ODonnell. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Leadership is the process whereby one individual influences other group members towards the attainment of defined group or organizational goals. Baron Greenberg The above definitions as is evident all pertain to the Western views. This is because leadership as a formalized field of study and analysis with a structured syllabus has not yet been established in India as it is in the West. LEADERSHIP THEORIES GREAT MAN THEORY Great Man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent that great leaders are born not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term Great Man was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership. TRAIT THEORY Similar in some ways to Great Man theories, trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. But if particular traits are key features of leadership, how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership. Several researchers have demonstrated that such traits of leadership do not always ensure successful leadership but they do place the possessor in higher esteem. It is also seen that hardly10% of the listed traits in over 100 such researchers appeared in 5 or more study. The trait approach has lead to selection procedure by written tests or preference tests. The Greatest defect of this theory is that we cannot have common or universal traits of leadership. CONTINGENCY THEORIES Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation. Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Webers bureaucracy and Taylors management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. There could no t be one best way for leadership or organization. Historically, contingency theory has sought to formulate broad generalizations about the formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different technologies. The perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that technologies directly determine differences in such organizational attributes as span of control, centralization of authority, and the formalization of rules and procedures. SITUATIONAL THEORIES Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making. These approach places more emphasis on the characteristics of the specific situation or environment in which the leader is operating. Qualities for leadership vary with the situation or circumstances and that any traits or skill can become a quality of leadership in the right situation. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. PARTICIPATIVE THEORIES Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others MANAGEMENT THEORIES Management theories (also known as Transactional theories) focus on the role of supervision, organization and group performance. These theories base leadership on a system of rewards and punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. RELATIONSHIP THEORIES Relationship theories (also known as Transformational theories) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers. Transformational leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards. LEADERSHIP STYLE Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. The U.S. Army Handbook, 1973 identifies three styles of leadership: AUTHORITARIAN OR AUTOCRATIC PARTICIPATIVE OR DEMOCRATIC DELEGATIVE OR FREE REIGN Although good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominate, bad leaders tend to stick with one style. Barclays bank is using all these three leadership styles. AUTHORITARIAN OR AUTICRATIC This style is used when the leader tells his employees what he wants done and how he wants it done, without getting the advice of his followers. Some of the appropriate conditions to use it are when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and your employees are well motivated. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. This is not the authoritarian style rather, it is an abusive, unprofessional style called bossing people around. It has no place in a leaders repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the participative style. PARTICIPATIVE OR DEMOCRATIC This type of style involves the leader including one or more employees in on the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness; rather its a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. A leader is not expected to know everything this is why you employ knowledgeable and skillful employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit it allows the employees to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions. DELEGATIVE OR FREE REIGN Also known as laissez faire, which is the non interference in the affairs of others. In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decision. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. You cannot do everything! You must set priorities and delegate certain tasks. This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong; rather this is a style to be used when you have the full trust and confidence in the people below you. One should not be afraid to use it, however, to be effective, it must be used wisely! There are a number of different approaches, or styles to leadership and management that are based on different assumptions and theories. The style that individuals use will be based on a combination of their beliefs, values and preferences, as well as the organizational culture and norms, which will encourage some, and discourage others. In this context, the various approaches could also be classified under the following heads. CHRISMATIC LEADERSHIP PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP TRANFOMATIONAL LEADERSHIP THE QUIET LEADERSHIP SERVANT LEADERSHIP CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE ORGANIZATION DECIDE TO IMPLEMNT THE CHANGE Organizations have to face different challenges in this changing environment like Absence of group skills The most important this in any organization is to set skills that would enhance its effectiveness. Todays business environment keeps on changing and in this changing environment the one who is skilled would survive. Its the responsibility of manager to motivate others for positive change and would build the team that work according to the change. In this rapid changing environment its not easy for manager to prepare other members accepts the need for change. He helps them to understand the new techniques and methods. You may get lot of good ideas but the real thing is to translate those ideas into the accepted ways. The success of any change depends on the acceptance of the ways. Lack of motivation and morale To maximize motivation among employees, manager needs to think in terms of flexibility. He needs to recognize what motivate his employees. A diverse array of rewards in needed to motivate employees. Managers most important goal is to help their employees developing their potential and they can do so by offering them developmental work assignments that provide a variety of learning experiences in different organizational areas. In 1980 Hackman point out the core dimensions of the job which include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback A job requires a variety of activities so that an employee could use a number of different skills and talents. It requires completion of whole and identifiable piece of work and it has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people. If these things exist in a job then the person will view his or her job as being important, valuable, and worthwhile. Job that possess autonomy give the job incumbent a feeling of personal responsibility for the results, and that if a job provides feedback, the employee will know how effectively he or she is performing. From a motivational point of view, these core dimensions suggests that internal rewards are obtained when an employee learns that he or she personally has performed well on a task that he or she cares about. The more these conditions characterize a job, the grater the employees motivation, performance and satisfaction and the lower his or her absenteeism and likelihood or resigning. Individual with a high growth need are more like ly to experience the critical psychological states and respond positively when their jobs include the core dimensions than are low growth need individuals. Conflict management In an organization sometimes conflict arises among members. This conflict is not always bad sometimes its good because, with conflict the team member would get more information, they can deeply understand the problems and would give the most appropriate solutions as well. In the era of globalization teams identify conflicts and made the successful strategic decision without sacrificing the speed of task accomplishment. But most times conflict results in slowing down the task accomplishment speed and it would reduce the effectiveness of adopted strategy. One should identify what are main reasons of conflict? Few of them are personal differences with respect to perception and expectations, lack of information, uncertainty about roles. Following are few points that help to overcome conflict Always work with plenty of information. Facts should be mainly focused. Multiple alternatives should be developed. Everyone should have same goal. Inject humor into decision making process. Solve problems without forcing consensus. Maintain balanced power structure. Power and politics Power is the ability to control the environment. If the person has power he can decide and act. If an employee is empowered he can act without any directions. Sometimes empowerment becomes very much important for the organization. In any organization, where employees are empowered they are responsible for observing one another, correcting improper procedures. Managers are increasingly leading by empowering their employees. It involves increasing decision making discretion of employees. Millions of employees are making the key operating decisions that directly affect their work. They are engaged in activities that until very recently were viewed exclusively as a part of managers job. The reason why more companies empowering employees is the need for quick decisions by those people who are most knowledgeable about the issues. If organizations are to successfully compete in a dynamic global economy, they have to be able to make decisions and implement changes quickly. In order to cope w ith increased work demands managers has to empower their people. When employees have the skills, knowledge and experiences to do their jobs competently and when they seek autonomy and possess internal locus of control, it can be beneficial. Rapid changes Organizations are changing due to change in internal and external environment. In order to adjust to these changes organization has to be flexible. Diverse workforce Another issue faced by the organization is coordinating work efforts of diverse organizational members in accomplishing organizational goals. Todays organization are characterized by diverse workforce i.e. more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age and other characteristics that reflect differences. Organizations will require larger workforce to meet the demand of high potential market. Employees dont set aside their cultural values and lifestyle preferences when they come to work. The challenge for managers, therefore, is to make their organization more accommodating to diverse groups of people by addressing different lifestyles, family needs, and work styles. Smart managers recognize that diversity can be an asset because it brings a broad range of viewpoints and problem solving skills to a company, and additionally helps organizations better understand a diverse customer base. Globalization Management is no longer constrained by national borders. There is significant importance from globalization, and the world has definitely become the global village. Managers in organization of all sizes and types around the world have to confront the challenges of operating in the global market. Managers face challenges due to an array of environmental factor while doing business. He must effectively plan, organize, lead, control and manage cultural difference to be globally successfully. General obstacles in an organization Organization needs a wide variety of skills but sometimes it happens that the organization got skills but still it wont work as it supposed to. In many cases management is not sensitive to change. They are not creative enough to put the skills of employees at the best use. Lack of vision is one of the main obstacles that prevent organization to use its resource to the full. One should have the ability to identify the problems and find solutions. If the manager doesnt have the ability to identify the opportunities to success then this would be a barrier to growth. If the management is not able to identify the creative solutions then it will be a problem for the organization in the long run. Another problem that hinders the organizational growth is that not all members are able to cope with the changing environment. Every organization has certain norms and values and its members have to follow those norms and values. All members should be sensitive to change if the business is continuo usly changing every member should accommodate according to that change. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Effective management is about: Filling vacant positions with the knowledgeable and productive candidates. To increase productivity, high potentials should be promoted. To increase the efficiency of staff in their current role develop the staff. Retain the best employees to increase performance consistently. Employee empowerment is very much popular term now, it is important for the development and change of any organization. Empowering employees leads to the best results for the organization. Professional generally agrees that empowering employees will increase the productivity of organization and employees are committed and loyal to the organization. Empowered employees provide better products and services When employee is empowered he feels strong and becomes more confident. This confidence then leads to better products and services. For the development of organization and cope up with the changing nature of programs empowerment is critical. This would improve the performance and employees would take ownership of their jobs and the delivery of products and services to their clients. They serve customers at the level of organization where the customer interface exists. Empowered employees are committed and loyal Whatever the situation is, employers dont like high employee turnover, selection, and training is very expensive. During organizational change if employee empowered become the foundation of organizational development activities this would ensure the commitment and loyalty of employees. Empowered employees take pride and ownership in their jobs when they know that they can exercise independent judgment when needed. Empowered employees are productive When employees feel that they are valued and their decision are considered and management would listen to their ideas, they work harder to prove themselves right. Implementing organizational development program calls for incorporating ways to help employees. And this would increase productivity. Empowered employees generate good ideas Every employee got some ideas with himself. They might have different skills. If they are empowered they share their ideas and this can provide important insight into management development and change management decisions. They can generate different products by using innovative methods on regular basis. Organizations who really are interested in effective organizational development and change programs, they acknowledge and reward their employees and give feedback on regular basis. Empowered employees spread the word Employees pride would boost if they are empowered in organizational development and change program. The more empowered employees the more they are satisfied and they would more likely to spread the word how well the company is to others. We will further discuss this statement further by Barclays and Lehman Brothers Integration. Barclays and Lehman Brothers Integration Barclays the global financial services provider acquired the US Lehman Brothers in 2008 for the enhancement of its market. The critical issues occurred while the integration was the business disruption minimizing the clients transfer to other banks Different culture of both the businesses Motivation of the staff of Lehman brothers AS A CAHNGE AGENT Effective dealing of problems The first step to solve the problem is to identify the cause of problem. Sometimes problem can be solved by simple talking with employees such as minor attitude problems or occasional tardiness etc. In coaching manager has to deal one by one with the problem or he direct other employee to work with the employee to solve the issue between the two. It is the responsibility of leader to provide employee with feedback in order to improve their performance. Coaching requires time and patience and this will result in employees modified behavior. Poor performance Sometimes employee has skills but still he doesnt perform well. This is may be because he is disturbed or unsystematic or careless. These habits can be removed through proper guidance. But, if lack of skill is the reason of poor performance than this can be corrected through additional training. Job incompatibility Sometimes it so happens that the reason of employees poor performance is that they didnt get the job according to their skills. Their skills are not compatible or are not compatible with the task assigned to them. This problem can be solved through additional training or assigning them a different task. Sloppy work Whenever you notice that employee has made some mistakes, point out those mistakes and monitor their work closely. It still they made mistake, talk to them and try to know the reason of being careless or why they are not doing their work or properly. But in all this one has to be positive and should know that how much important is employee to the company. Create an effective message Consider the needs of everyone in the organization and design your message according to that so they can understand what you are trying to say. The performance of employees is very much dependent on your message. An effective message would have good impact over employees performance. A face to face interaction would be more suitable and can help employees to adapt the change. Listen to your employees For the change management employee feedback is very important. You can encourage your employees to provide feedback through email or the intranet. Communication is the foundation stone to successful management of change. You need to communicate with your employees early and often to make them understand your message. STAKE HOLDERS INVOLVE INTO THAT CHANGE PROCESS Investors and Business partners and suppliers Investors influenced in this change management process because they invest their asset to get profit, but with the old policy they didnt get much profit. So they involve in the favor of change management process for achieving their goals. Bank employees Bank employees involved in the change management process and they goes against to the change process because they are habitual to work on through the old policy. Customers Customers also involve in the change process and go into the favor of change process because they want quick results and want innovation in organization so they also influenced with the change process. Government and NGOs Government and NGOs influenced in the way the Government expect more taxes and other duties from the organizations and if an organization is not going in profit then how they get the more taxes and duties. On the other hand Ngos want support from the organizations. If they are not in good position they will also influenced with this so these departments also want change process for improvement of the organization. KOTTERs 8 STEP CHANGE MODEL Change is the only constant. Heraclitus, Greek philosopher What was true more than two thousand years ago is just as true today. We live in a world where business as usual IS change. New initiatives, project-based working, technology improvements, staying ahead of the competition these things come together to drive ongoing changes to the way we work. Whether youre considering a small change to one or two processes, or a systemwide change to an organization, its common to feel uneasy and intimidated by the scale of the challenge. You know that the change needs to happen, but you dont really know how to go about doing delivering it. Where do you start? Whom do you involve? How do you see it through to the end? There are many theories about how to do change. Many originate with leadership and change management guru, John Kotter. A professor at Harvard Business School and world-renowned change expert, Kotter introduced his eight-step change process in his 1995 book, Leading Change. We look at his eight steps for leading change below. Step One: Create Urgency For change to happen, it helps if the whole company really wants it. Develop a sense of urgency around the need for change. This may help you spark the initial motivation to get things moving. This isnt simply a matter of showing people poor sales statistics or talking about increased competition. Open an honest and convincing dialogue about whats happening in the marketplace and with your competition. If many people start talking about the change you propose, the urgency can build and feed on itself. What you can do: Identify potential threats, and develop scenarios showing what could happen in the future. Examine opportunities that should be, or could be, exploited. Start honest discussions, and give dynamic and convincing reasons to get people talking and thinking. Request support from customers, outside stakeholders and industry people to strengthen your argument. Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition Convince people that change is necessary. This often takes strong leadership and visible support from key people within your organization. Managing change isnt enough you have to lead it. You can find effective change leaders throughout your organization they dont necessarily follow the traditional company hierarchy. To lead change, you need to bring together a coalition, or team, of influential people whose power comes from a variety of sources, including job title, status, expertise, and political importance. Once formed, your change coalition needs to work as a team, continuing to build urgency and momentum around the need for change. What you can do: Identify the true leaders in your organization. Ask for an emotional commitment from these key people. Work on team building within your change coalition. Check your team for weak areas, and ensure that you have a good mix of people from different departments and different levels within your company Step Three: Create a Vision for Change When you first start thinking about change, there will probably be many great ideas and solutions floating around.

Germany :: essays research papers

Germany is located in Central Europe. It borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. It is between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark. It is slightly smaller than Montana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany’s economy was the world’s third most powerful in 1997. The German economy benefited from robust exports, particularly to other members of the EU and the US, as well as strengthening equipment investments. But anemic private consumption and contraction in the construction industry limited the expansion. Unemployment continued to set post-war monthly records through the end of 1997 and averaged 4.3 million for the year. In preparation for the first of January 1999, the start of the European Monetary Union, the government has made major efforts in 1996-97 to reduce the fiscal deficit. This effort has been complicated by growing unemployment, an erosion of the tax base, and the continuing transfer of roughly $100 billion a year to eastern Germany to refurbish this ex-communist area. In recent years business and political leaders have become increasingly concerned about Germany’s decline in attractiveness as an investment target. They cite increasing preference by German companies to locate new manufacturing facilities in foreign countries rather than in Germany, to be closer to the markets, and to avoid Germany’s high tax rates, high wage cost, rigid labor structures, and extensive regulations. For similar reasons foreign investment in Germany has been lagging for years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Germany is one of the world’s leading industrial nations. Western Germany is among the world’s largest and technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, and electronics. Eastern Germany’s industries are metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, textiles, and petroleum refining. Industry employs around 41 percent of the German work force. Germany’s biggest industry is vehicles because of luxury cars such as the BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Porsche, but you can’t forget the VW Beetle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German exports value at 521.1 billion dollars. Manufacturing, such as machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, and iron and steel products, totals over 88 percent of all exports. Agricultural products account for 5 percent, raw materials for a little over 2 percent, and fuels as 1 percent. Other non-mentioned products total about 3 and a half percent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German imports value at 455.7 billion dollars. manufactured items are also the most imported at a little over 74 percent of all imports. Agricultural products equal around 10 percent, fuels are over 6 percent, and raw materials are almost 6 percent. Other non-mentioned materials are under 4 percent of the total imports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The labor force is roughly 38.7 million people. As said earlier industry employs around 41 percent, agriculture employs 3 percent, and services employ

Lasting Effects of Pain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Lasting Effects of Pain INTRODUCTION Once upon a typical sunny day, Mary, Susie, and Jackie are jumping rope. Unbeknownst to them, as they chant their rhymes, Mikey and Kenny hide in the bushes planning a surprise attack. Just as Mary's little feet barely lift off the ground, the two boys leap towards the girls and push them into the dirt. "Ouch!!!" they all scream as everyone hits the dirt. Mary is up on her feet with her knees skinned and bleeding. A smile slowly crept on her face as she tried to hold back a chuckle. "What's so funny?" asked Mikey, as everyone turned to look at her. "Aren't you supposed to get mad and chase us around?" Mary shrugs and looks down at her knees. "Doesn't that hurt?" asks Jackie. So what exactly does Mary feel when she hurts her knees? Pain, of course. But, how exactly does she experience it? Well, inside Mary's tissues lie nociceptors. Nociceptors are specialized sensory nerves that are activated when there is a potential for danger, such as Mary falling to the ground. The stimulation of nociceptors, first, allows large-diameter, myelinated axons to carry rapidly conducted action potentials. This causes the sensation of a sharp, well-localized, pricking or cutting pain. It is then followed by a diffuse burning or aching pain caused by more slowly propagated action potentials that are carried by smaller, less heavily myelinated axons (1). The action potentials are generated and conveyed to the central nervous system by way of a difference in electrical potential (2). When the threshold potential difference for each nocicpetor is reached, a signal is sent to the central nervous system. As the signal continues to travel to the spinal cord, the medulla, the thalamus, and then the cerebral cortex, it must pass through a series of gates (3). According to the gate theory of pain, the awareness of pain can only get to the brain by passing through a series of gates (Melzack and Hall, 1965). To open a gate, a group of small neurons that form a "pain pool" must reach their threshold. When it is reached, the signal is allowed to be sent higher. So as Mary and everyone else who falls to the ground, their body is undergoing this awareness of pain. Kenny is next to stand up. "Owww, there's sand in my leg," he whimpered unhappily. "Hey, you pushed us, and now you're crying?

The Spanish-American War :: Spanish-American War Essays

THESIS : â€Å" The United States didn’t want to get involved in the Spanish-American War, but was dragged into it due to yellow journalism, they wanted to control the seas, and wanted complete control over Cuba.† For 113 days during the summer of 1898, the United States was at war with Spain. Neither the president of the United States, nor his cabinet, nor the the queen of Spain, nor her ministers wanted the war wanted the war. It happened eventhough they made their best efforts to prevent it. It happened because of ambition, miscalculation, and stupidity; and it happened because of kindness, wit, and resourcefulness. It also happened because some were indifferent to the suffering of the world’s wretched and others were not (O’Toole 17). By winning the war the United States proved the the rest of the world and to itself that it could and would fight against foreign nations. For many years, world power had been concentrated in the countries in Europe. Nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain had the most influence in global affairs. But a shift in power was gradually taking place as the United States matured. The young nation gained wealth and strength. Its popul ation grew immensely, and many people believed it would become a major world power (Bachrach, 11) Spain was one of the many European countries that had territory in the United States. Spain controlled mostly some islands off the coast of Central America. The most important of these were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The United States was led to believe that the Spanish mosgoverned and abused the people of these islands. In fact, Spain did overtax and mistreat the Cubans, who rebelled in 1868 and again in 1895. Thus, the American people felt sympathetic toward the Cuban independence movement. In addition, Spain had frequently interfered with trade between its colonies and the United States. Even though the United States had been a trading partner with Cuba since the seventeenth century, Spain sometimes tried to completely stop their trade with Cuba. In Spain doing so, this sometimes caused damage to U.S. commercial interests. The United States highly disagreed with Spain’s right to in terfere with this trade relationship. (Bachrach, 12) The United States was also concerned that other trading and commercial interests were threatened by the number of ships and soldiers Spain kept in the area. If the United States had to fight a war with Canada or Mexico, these Spanish forces could quickly mobilize against the United States. The Spanish-American War :: Spanish-American War Essays THESIS : â€Å" The United States didn’t want to get involved in the Spanish-American War, but was dragged into it due to yellow journalism, they wanted to control the seas, and wanted complete control over Cuba.† For 113 days during the summer of 1898, the United States was at war with Spain. Neither the president of the United States, nor his cabinet, nor the the queen of Spain, nor her ministers wanted the war wanted the war. It happened eventhough they made their best efforts to prevent it. It happened because of ambition, miscalculation, and stupidity; and it happened because of kindness, wit, and resourcefulness. It also happened because some were indifferent to the suffering of the world’s wretched and others were not (O’Toole 17). By winning the war the United States proved the the rest of the world and to itself that it could and would fight against foreign nations. For many years, world power had been concentrated in the countries in Europe. Nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain had the most influence in global affairs. But a shift in power was gradually taking place as the United States matured. The young nation gained wealth and strength. Its popul ation grew immensely, and many people believed it would become a major world power (Bachrach, 11) Spain was one of the many European countries that had territory in the United States. Spain controlled mostly some islands off the coast of Central America. The most important of these were Cuba and Puerto Rico. The United States was led to believe that the Spanish mosgoverned and abused the people of these islands. In fact, Spain did overtax and mistreat the Cubans, who rebelled in 1868 and again in 1895. Thus, the American people felt sympathetic toward the Cuban independence movement. In addition, Spain had frequently interfered with trade between its colonies and the United States. Even though the United States had been a trading partner with Cuba since the seventeenth century, Spain sometimes tried to completely stop their trade with Cuba. In Spain doing so, this sometimes caused damage to U.S. commercial interests. The United States highly disagreed with Spain’s right to in terfere with this trade relationship. (Bachrach, 12) The United States was also concerned that other trading and commercial interests were threatened by the number of ships and soldiers Spain kept in the area. If the United States had to fight a war with Canada or Mexico, these Spanish forces could quickly mobilize against the United States.

To what extent is ”Frankenstein’ concerned with the theme of education and what does it have to say about the advantages and disadvantages of this?

In Frankenstein, education cannot simply be considered as an ordinary theme, because there are so many differing angles which are represented throughout. It primarily depends however on what actually counts as education in the first place; does it have to be necessarily formal, or does it also count if it is information passed on from one family member to another, or even if it is simply something gleaned from the environment that surrounds us. This is the question that must be answered, as well as deciphering what methods Shelley uses to convey the fact that education is essential for the books' events to occur. In Frankenstein from the very beginning, whenever Victor is mentioned, it is in the context of learning, or of having learnt something crucial. This is in comparison to Walton, whose knowledge appears to come from his exploration, from his search for a true companion who can accompany him throughout the rest of his life, someone who will truly understand him. Walton's knowledge is not just from experiences, but also from studying, from academia, as well as from his perceptions of the world around him, and from what his morals command him to either do or not to do. However, despite all of his academia, he is still astonished when he is told about Frankenstein's creature, and even more so when he views it for himself. This proves that despite formal education, there will still be gaps of knowledge, and the power to surprise will always exist. Victor relates to Walton all about how his education was formulated, what exactly he had learnt from his bad experiences with books and at Ingolstadt, and by focussing on outdated science such as those ideas thought of by Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus. The point blank refutation by his father of these theories and ideas did not mean that Victor realised they were hopelessly incorrect; on the contrary, he ‘continued to read with the greatest avidity'. This reading eventually led to the creation of the creature, which although being a tremendous achievement in its own right, is something which directly contravenes the natural order of things, and is therefore a sin. By studying such ‘wild fantasies' and not instead reading something far more ‘real and practical', he allowed himself to be taken into the world of unnatural occurrences, where he would be able to achieve incredible things, but at the same time ‘terrible'. At Ingolstadt, Victor was further mislead from the path of true science by Krempe who did not capture his imagination, and possessed a ‘repulsive countenance' and instead continued to strive towards conquering death through reanimating and creating his own perfect being. It does bring up questions of who ought to be able to control life and death, which the creature then follows through killing, through controlling the manner and time of death of those that Victor held dear. However, despite the creature's education through learning from his surroundings, there is still some quality to him which is not human. This is indeed the lack of any sort of moral structure; he is not able to empathise, or realise that what he does is wrong. This can be shown by ‘you belong then to my enemy-to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.' Perhaps in some way he acknowledges it as wrong, but due to his previous experience with the people in the cabin, he now no longer wishes to be like them, and wants to separate himself from society. This separation means he then becomes particularly cold blooded, but he does know that it will prove effective in affecting Frankie. Due to the creature describing his ‘heart swelling with exultation and triumph', it demonstrates that to some extent the creature has developed sophisticated planning, because it was not spur of the moment (the fact that there is no regret mentioned proves this). The creature has learnt to be cold from his ‘father's' abandonment of him, and the people in the cabin rejecting him solely on the basis of physical appearance. Therefore he has learnt that to cause emotional suffering is the best way to commit revenge; the preferred method of hurt is to destroy someone's heart. The creature's knowledge did not turn out to have a positive effect on anyone's life, but rather ended up causing several deaths and miserable lives for many. Whether or not the creature deserved to be given a full education is still unclear, but it shows that knowledge can be very harmful. However it did not appear to be so for Safie, who was also learning at the same time as the creature, albeit it not as surreptitiously as it, because Safie simply learnt the language and was not mentioned as having later committed acts of evil. The creature learnt from afar, much as an infant does, by listening to language and eventually picking up the ability to manipulate it in one's own way, although he evidently learnt from books as well for research and insight. Despite all this, he still isn't an intellectual, and primarily learns about his strength, about others and about others' perceptions of him through trial and error. There is the question of whether or not the creature was solely spurred on by William's being such an unpleasant child or whether it was simply in the creature's blood. Nevertheless, this proves that to some extent, people learn behaviours from what they experience of what occurs around them, and it is not just pre-learned behaviour. It raises the question of whether the creature would have been more docile if either Victor had directly cared for him, or provided a creature as a friend. He has learnt to become so disillusioned with humanity, that now they are now worthless to him, even a defenceless young child. This heinous crime doesn't mean anything to him, in the same way that it didn't technically mean anything to Victor to about the creature; only disgust about what he had created was realised. This disgust can be easily understood, because he has managed to reanimate dead flesh; who is to say that there might not be some imprint of the personality of the old owner of these body parts existing still? Despite the addition of ‘luxuriances' such as ‘lustrous black, flowing hair', it is still a crime against nature, and also raises the moral question of whether or not the creature learns from scratch with his blank slate of a ‘child brain', or whether he simply possesses the mind of the old brain. How a new creature made from death can still have life, particularly have its own mind is uncertain, especially when we consider that the creature must suddenly have had a consciousness emerge out of oblivion, but all we know is that there must be something real about it for it to be able to affect the lives of real humans. Whether or not education is simply learning how to live by gathering and experiencing simple pleasures, having sufficient food, and utilising fire depends on what and who is being asked, but surely anything that is learnt counts as a sort of education in its own way. Learning through experience means that on the plus side, you know what you have learnt is true, and you know what will work best in a certain set of circumstances, but when you arrive at something new and unfamiliar, trial and error (error being the key point) is the only way forward. Frankenstein in a way is all about education, particularly when it comes to the misuse of formal education, and mistakes made, but because not all of the plot details in the end come down to a matter of education, it therefore cannot be deemed to be the key theme of the novel.